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Francisco Gil-White (born July 1969) is an evolutionary and sociocultural anthropologist who teaches Organizational Behavior, Knowledge Management, and The Political History of the West and Antisemitism at ITAM (Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México), in Mexico City. He also teaches Systems and Evolutionary Thinking at Universidad del Medio Ambiente. He was Assistant Professor of Psychology at the University of Pennsylvania from 2001 to 2006 and lecturer at the Solomon Asch Centre for Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict. He was born in Chicago and raised in Mexico City. His father is Francisco Gil Díaz, Secretary of Finance and Public Credit in the cabinet of Vicente Fox. He holds a master's degree in Social Sciences from the University of Chicago and a PhD in Biological and Cultural Anthropology from UCLA. Francisco Gil-White’s social scientific approach is broadly interdisciplinary and merges cultural and biological perspectives on human behavior. At the University of Chicago he obtained a master’s degree in social sciences that was flexible enough for him to also get training in population genetics and evolutionary theory. His master’s thesis, which defended that social science should be integrated with biology but not swallowed by it, won the 1996 Earl S. and Esther Johnson Prize, awarded for "combin() high scholarly achievement with concern for humanistic aspirations and the practical applications of the Social Sciences."〔(1996 EARL S. & ESTHER JOHNSON PRIZE ) University of Chicago ($1000), for the MA Thesis: The use of biology: A general defense of the evolutionary approach to human behavior. It is "awarded annually to that student in the Master of Arts Program in the Social Sciences whose paper best combines high scholarly achievement with concern for humanistic aspirations and the practical applications of the Social Sciences."〕 From there he went to UCLA where he obtained his PhD in biological and cultural anthropology under Robert Boyd. His training includes evolutionary game theory, evolutionary psychology, and behavioral ecology, on the one hand, and the application of game theory to cultural transmission processes, traditional cultural ethnography, cultural psychology, categorization theory, field experimental psychology, and experimental economics, on the other. His UCLA PhD thesis is based on 14 months of ethnographic work studying two neighboring ethnies: the Torgut Mongols and the Kazakhs of the Bulgan Sum (district) in the Khovd Province of Mongolia. His work is broadly concerned with explaining the mechanisms responsible for the social transmission of ideas and behaviors, referred to in this literature as ‘memes’ (by analogy to ‘genes’), the biases inherent in such mechanisms, and the selective forces, grounded in human social-learning psychology, responsible for the stability or instability of particular memes. ==Ethnicity== Gil-White's work on ethnicity began with a focus on the psychological biases that are responsible for biasing human reasoning processes when thinking about people in terms of their membership in ethnic or "racial" categories. His argument is that humans process ethnic categories with the same mechanisms that evolved to process biological species. His claim is not that human ethnicities are species, or even races, but that the human brain is evolved to process human ethnic categories as if they were. According to Gil-White, various social processes are responsible for the clustering of cultural traits. In the resulting clumps, people are quite similar to each other in their adherence to a particular set of cultural norms, and markedly different from people in other such clumps. Since human interaction is more costly when those who attempt interaction are mismatched in their normative expectations, a psychological mechanism is needed to improve the probability of well-matched interactions. Initially, trial-and-error learning led people to discriminate in their choice of social partners, favoring those who were most similar to them, but over time, this led to the creation of "endogamy boundaries" or "marriage frontiers" beyond which people tended not to outmarry, and within which people's norms tended to be very highly correlated. Once this began happening, the resulting endogamy boundaries began to look to people like species—that is to say, they became good input triggers for the pre-evolved psychological system that humans had evolved to reason about biological kinds: members of an ethnie: # tend to have similar behaviors (norms) and "phenotype" (because they have distinctive hats, dress, body paint, scarification, etc.); # they tend to mate with each other; and # fully fluent members of their cultural set are almost always biological descendants of other members. So the brain looks at this and thinks "biological species." Natural selection did not get rid of this inadvertent outcome because processing ethnic categories this way in fact improves the probability of well-matched interactions. However, one consequence of this has also been racism, for the illusion that ethnic categories have biological reality is very difficult for humans to shake, and helps give apparent support to a number of racist ideologies. Gil-White's first presentation of his theory, in his doctoral thesis, won him the New Investigator Prize from the Human Behavior and Evolution Society in 1999. His main empirical results, from studying the reasoning biases of two neighboring ethnic communities in Western Mongolia results, and his theory, were published in the journal Current Anthropology in 2001.〔(Gil-White, F. J. 2001. ) Are ethnic groups biological 'species' to the human brain?: Essentialism in our cognition of some social categories. Current anthropology 42:515–554.〕 The piece has been widely discussed and is cited in many different fields. More recently he was invited to make a presentation of the theory for a lay audience in The Monist.〔(Gil-White, F. J. 2005. ) How conformism creates ethnicity creates conformism (and why this matters to lots of things). The Monist 88:189–237.〕 For the past few years Francisco Gil-White has been investigating the official and media representation of the civil wars in the former Yugoslavia, the Arab-Israeli conflict, and other ethnic wars. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Francisco Gil-White」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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